Abstract

This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the discovery, structure, and functions of DNA, as well as its diverse applications in modern biomedical research. Starting from the historic revelation of the DNA double helix by Watson and Crick, the review will explore the fundamental principles governing DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Subsequently, it will delve into the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation and epigenetics, shedding light on the complex interplay of DNA with its associated proteins and modifiers. The review will also discuss the breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technologies and their role in advancing precision genomics. From Sanger sequencing to the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and emerging single-molecule sequencing techniques, the transformative impact of DNA sequencing on genomics and personalized medicine will be analyzed. Notably, the progress in computational genomics and bioinformatics tools will be highlighted, as they play a crucial role in handling the vast amount of DNA data generated through sequencing. Furthermore, the article will address the pivotal role of DNA in understanding human diseases. The review will encompass the contributions of DNA-based research in cancer biology, rare genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and pharmacogenomics, among others. Emphasis will be given to significant studies that have elucidated disease mechanisms and led to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The review will conclude with an outlook on the future of DNA research. Discussions will revolve around emerging technologies, such as gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9, synthetic biology, and the potential applications of DNA nanotechnology. Additionally, ethical considerations pertaining to DNA research, including privacy concerns and genome editing controversies, will be examined.

Key words: DNA, Genomics, Sequencing, Gene Regulation, Precision Medicine, DNA Nanotechnology, Bioinformatics, CRISPR-Cas9, Gene Editing, Personalized Medicine